What Is a Coronavirus?

Chinese health officials first reported cases of acute respiratory illness associated with a seafood and animal market in the city of Wuhan on December 31, 2019. A week later, they confirmed that a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was associated with this initial cluster of cases, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1）这first confirmed case of COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, in the United States was reported on January 21, 2020; by the end of March, the number of cases had climbed to 188,200, according to the Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center. (2）

A “novel” coronavirus (CoV) means it’s a new strain of coronavirus that hasn’t been seen or identified before.

冠状病毒的范围从普通感冒到更严重的疾病，例如severe acute respiratory syndrome（（SARS). Symptoms can be mild, with just a runny nose or咳嗽，但也可能变得更加严重，包括发烧，甚至pneumonia。In some cases, a coronavirus can be fatal, especially in frailer people or those with preexisting medical conditions, such as heart disease or diabetes, notes the World Health Organization (WHO). (3）

Human coronaviruses were first identified in the mid-1960s, and there are currently seven that can infect people. They include 229E (alpha coronavirus), NL63 (alpha coronavirus), OC43 (beta coronavirus), HKU1 (beta coronavirus), MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, the latest coronavirus to be transmitted to humans.

世界各地的人们被229E，NL63，OC43和HKU1感染非常普遍。疾病预防控制中心称，这些病毒通常会导致轻度至中度的上呼吸道疾病 - 基本上是一种普通感冒。（（4）

这些冠状病毒也可能引起下呼吸道疾病，例如肺炎和bronchitis。疾病预防控制中心指出，患有心肺疾病或较弱的免疫系统以及婴儿和老年人的患者处于较高的风险。（（5）

SARS是一种病毒呼吸道疾病，于2003年2月在亚洲首次报道。它传播到29个国家，感染了8,096人，其中774人死亡。

尽管SARS确实来了美国，但只有八个人患上了这种疾病，因此没有人死亡。据疾病预防控制中心（CDC）称，现在世界上任何地方都没有已知的SARS传播，最近的案件于2004年4月在中​​国报道。（（6）

通常，SARS的发烧高于100.4度F。该病毒的其他症状可能包括头痛，整体不适和身体疼痛。有些人患有轻度的呼吸道症状和腹泻。大多数患有SARS的人患肺炎。

It’s suspected that SARS started in bats and potentially spread to civet cats before spilling over to infect humans, notes the WHO. (7）Although SARS came from an animal host, it was mainly transmitted human to human through close contact. It spreads as many coronaviruses do, via tiny respiratory droplets that land in the mouth, nose, or eyes of a nearby person when an infected person coughs or sneezes, per the CDC. (8）

This viral respiratory disease was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012, and approximately 80 percent of human cases have been in that country. The virus can cause fever, cough,shortness of breath, and sometimesgastrointestinalsymptoms, including diarrhea. People with MERS often develop pneumonia.

MERS is a zoonotic virus, which means it is passed between animals and humans, specifically from camels. Researchers suspect that the virus originated in bats who transmitted the virus some time ago.

世卫组织指出，这种病毒并不容易通过人的传播。（（9）Since the first reported case, there have been 2,494 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS from 27 countries, resulting in 858 deaths, per the WHO. (10）

该病毒于2019年底首次在中国报道，该病毒与肺炎爆发有关。据疾病预防控制中心（CDC）称，该病人于2020年1月21日在美国证实。该患者最近前往中国武汉（Wuhan），疫情首次开始爆发。（（11）到2020年4月16日，在185个不同的国家中有超过200万例Covid-19案件，纽约市为Epidenter，已确认超过118,000例案件和大约10,900例死亡。约翰·霍普金斯大学。

怀疑是病毒在蝙蝠——开始genetic sequence is similar to other known coronaviruses that begin with that mammal — but experts believe it may have been transmitted to humans by an animal called a pangolin. These long-snouted, ant-eating mammals are often used in traditional Chinese medicine, according to an article published in February 2020 inNature。（（12）

Covid-19通过小滴通过小滴来传播，当一个感染病毒咳嗽或呼气的人时，它们可能会传播。每五个感染者中，大约有一个需要医院护理。（3）

On January 31, 2020, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared a public health emergency (PHE) for the United States to aid the nation’s healthcare community in responding to COVID-19. (13）这outbreak was declared a global pandemic on March 11, 2020, defined as “the worldwide spread of a new disease,” because of the alarming levels of the spread and the severity of COVID-19, as well as the alarming levels of inaction, according to Tedros Adhanom Ghedbreyesus, the director general of WHO. (14）

这four most common coronaviruses — 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 — did not start in animals, but use humans as their natural hosts.

SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 are zoonotic, which means they are transmitted between animals and people. Experts estimate animals are responsible for about 60 percent of human infectious diseases. The viruses commonly circulate in animals. In fact, several known coronaviruses are currently circulating in animals but have not yet infected humans, according to the WHO. (15）

In birds, bats, and other animals,流感viruses can replicate and be transmitted to a new host without causing any severe disease. This transmission can be to a different species. When a virus is transmitted between animals and humans, it’s called a spillover event, notes TuftsNow. (16）

这majority of people will become infected with a human coronavirus at some point in their lives. Usually this doesn’t pose a major health risk. It often causes a mild to moderate upper-respiratory infection, like a cold. Sometimes these can be more serious, however, and lead tobronchitis and pneumonia。

捕获冠状病毒的风险通常在冬季达到峰值，在春季和夏季下降，尽管Covid-19可能并非如此。根据美国国家科学，工程和医学学院的报告，没有证据表明夏季天气会干扰Covid-19的传播。（（17）

这report pointed out that there has been rapid virus spread in countries currently experiencing “summer” climates, such as Australia and Iran. (17)

With COVID-19, people with the highest risk are those who have close exposure to a person infected with the virus. COVID-19 is spread through respiratory droplets expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, which is why experts recommend staying at least six feet away from a person who is sick. Research suggests that people may spread the virus even if they don’t show any symptoms.

疾病预防控制中心，疾病预防控制中心指出，covid-19也可能是通过触摸有病毒然后触摸自己的嘴，鼻子或眼睛的表面或物体的人来传播的。（（18）

这way COVID-19 spreads is similar to how the common cold — a much milder viral infection — is transmitted. Children younger than 6 years old are at greatest risk for catching the common cold, but most adults have two or three colds every year, notes the Mayo Clinic. (19）

Risk of Developing a Severe Coronavirus

来自Covid-19的严重疾病风险较高的群体包括65岁以上的成年人以及患有以下疾病的人：（（（20）

• Chronic lung disease
• Asthma
• 严重的心脏状况
• Severe obesity
• Diabetes
• Liver disease

Initial reports suggest that infants, children, and adolescents under the age of 18 are less likely to have a severe case of COVID-19. (21）

这symptoms of a coronavirus can vary depending on the level of the infection. According to the CDC, a mild to moderate upper respiratory infection may include the following: (22）

• 流鼻涕
• Headache
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Fever
• 总体上感觉很差

变成支气管炎或肺炎的更严重的感染会引起这些症状：

• Fever
• Cough with粘液
• Shortness of breath or labored breathing
• 呼吸或咳嗽时胸痛或紧绷

Symptoms of COVID-19 have ranged from mild to severe and have resulted in thousands of deaths. The most common symptoms are fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The time from exposure to onset of symptoms can vary, with the median time being 5.1 days. About 97.5 percent of people who develop symptoms after exposure will do so within 11.5 days. (23）

Many people who have mild symptoms of COVID-19 aren’t tested but instead told to recover at home and practice good respiratory and handhygieneas well as social distancing.

如果您确实对Covid-19进行了测试，则可能需要一天到一周的时间才能获得结果，具体取决于您的居住地以及什么样的测试。

这re is currently no specific treatment for a coronavirus. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they are only effective in treating bacterial infections. Treating and relieving symptoms is the appropriate care, according to the WHO. (3)

People who have been exposed to COVID-19 should contact their health provider for further instruction. If you test positive for COVID-19, your doctor will instruct you on how to monitor your symptoms as well as what to do if they worsen.

确认拥有COVID-19的人可能有资格参加正在进行的临床试验之一。（（24）

为了最大程度地减少包括Covid-19在内的冠状病毒的机会，可以避免避免感染任何传染性呼吸道病毒。根据CDC，其中包括：

Follow federal and local stay-at-home orders. "Stay at home" is pretty self-explanatory: Work and engage in schooling from home if possible and don’t go anywhere that isn’t essential. Avoid social gatherings with groups of more than 10 people.

练习社会疏远。在自己和他人之间保持至少六英尺。

• 尽量不要用未洗手的手触摸眼睛，鼻子和嘴巴。
• 如果您生病了，请练习家庭隔离。将自己与家中的其他人和宠物分开，并在可能的情况下使用其他浴室。
• 如果您必须打喷嚏或咳嗽，请用组织覆盖，然后丢弃组织。
• Clean and disinfect things or surfaces that you touch a lot, such as phones, doorknobs, and countertops.
• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If you don’t have access to a sink, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60 percent alcohol.
• 当您在其他人周围时，用布脸盖住了嘴和鼻子。（（25）

这re is currently no approved vaccine for COVID-19, although a few pharmaceutical companies, as well as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, are working to expedite the development of one. (26）

维生素C或锌可以增强免疫系统以帮助预防冠状病毒感染吗？

这answer to whether or notvitamin C, zinc, or othersupplements might help your body fight off infections— like one caused by the novel coronavirus — is not a simple one. The body and the immune system need both vitamin C and zinc, as well as other nutrients, to be able to function optimally. (27）But there’s little evidence that doses above and beyond the regular daily recommended amounts will provide additional benefit.

这immune systemis a complicated network of cells found in many tissues in the body (the skin, the blood, and more) that work together to fight off germs like bacteria and viruses. (28）这vitamins and nutrients our bodies get from the food we eat provide the building blocks for a lot of the cells that are part of the immune system. If you’re malnourished or not eating a healthy diet, your body might be deficient in some of these key nutrients that allow the immune system to function properly — in which case a supplement could bolster your immune response. If you’re not deficient, there’s little evidence that getting extra amounts of specific nutrients can prevent illness.

有一些证据表明锌根据对发表的研究的评论，补充剂可以帮助您的身体从普通感冒中恢复更快。JRSM Openin May 2017。（（29）但是，除了从普通感冒的人那里收集的数据之外，没有办法知道锌是否会对其他类型的病毒（例如各种冠状病毒）产生相同的影响。

同样，有一些证据表明，维生素C补充剂可以在某人感染该病毒后缩短普通感冒的持续时间。系统评论的Cochrane数据库。（（30）But as with the zinc study review, this data is only from people with the common cold, so there’s no way to know if vitamin C would have the same effect against people infected with coronaviruses or other viruses.

Experts say the best way to make sure you’re getting the vitamins and nutrients your body and immune system need is by eating a healthy diet. Other ways you can help保持免疫系统的增强并正常工作include: keeping stress under control, getting plenty of sleep,staying active, not smoking, and managing chronic conditions.

食品，免疫力和应急准备的最终清单

Planning meals ahead can help you minimize the number of trips you make outside your house during the COVID-19 pandemic. Whether your intention with your food list is to follow an eating plan like theketo diet, or to use time at home to try新食谱不太可能,一个特定的饮食本身可以prevent you from getting COVID-19. But eating healthfully may shore up your immune system, so be sure to stock your pantry with foods that contain必需维生素and nutrients. Refer to the articles below!

Must-Know Telemedicine Info

An increasing number of healthcare practitioners are offering online appointments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in accordance withCDC的最新建议为患者提供远程医疗选择。

Online appointments can lower the risk of COVID-19 transmission in doctors’ waiting rooms, where small spaces may make proper social distancing difficult. Remote visits can also help reduce the strain on healthcare providers and facilities by allowing a greater number of patients to be seen.

远程医疗is not a substitute for emergency care and cannot be used to test for COVID-19; it’s best for non-urgent situations in which physical exams, samples, or X-rays likely won’t be necessary. Check with your healthcare provider to see what they recommend should you fall ill or if you have symptoms.

最新的Covid-19新闻

自从最初发现武汉小说冠状病毒和世卫组织最终宣布大流行以来，跟上相关新闻报道的大量涌现会感到不知所措。指的是您当地卫生部门等值得信赖的来源，或引用认可的公共卫生专家的新闻媒体，将帮助您将事实与小说分开。

您也可以注册日常健康的日常bob体育在线冠状病毒更新newsletteror check out our每日冠状病毒警报for the latest need-to-know news. For up-to-date facts and figures regarding the coronavirus in your area, refer to your local health department’s website. If you’re in the United States, the CDC has a list ofstate and territorial health departments。

应对慢性健康状况

由于SARS-COV-2是一种新的冠状病毒，因此尚未完全了解其与其他健康状况的相互作用。但是，疾病预防控制中心指出，某些人群患与Covid-19有关的严重疾病的风险更高，包括患有医疗状况的人。这些条件可能包括：（20）

• Chronic lung disease
• 中度至重度哮喘
• Heart disease
• 艾滋病毒或艾滋病
• 肥胖(体重指数为40或更高)
• Type 1and type 2 diabetes
• Chronic kidney disease
• Liver disease

If you are living with a chronic condition, take extra care to follow all the CDC-recommended precautions against the coronavirus outlined above.

Self-Care Resources to Help You Stay Grounded

Staying home all day may be one of the best ways to stop the spread of COVID-19, but it can also wreak havoc on your mental health. Many of the activities that we rely on as self-care practices — thinkyoga类，gymsessions, and time spent with friends — have been suspended or canceled for the foreseeable future. And with the constant news coverage about the impact of the coronavirus, which rarely seems to be good, it can be easy to feel overwhelmed.

虽然你可能无法参加你的usual activities and events that could help at a time like this, you can still cultivate your own well-being by developing and implementing a self-care regimen and sticking to it. Whether that means limiting your社交媒体消费, committing to a form ofexercise您喜欢或只是设置睡眠时间表and sticking to it, there has never been a more critical time to ensure you’re looking after yourself and engaging in healthy self-care practices.

建立韧性并抗击压力以保持强大

即使您拥有建立的自我保健常规，压力也是生活中必然的一部分。在大规模裁员，挣扎的经济以及Covid-19在许多社区中的传播之间，由于冠状病毒大流行而遭受压力是完全正常的。实际上，ABC新闻和华盛顿邮报found that 77 percent of respondents reported that their lives had been disrupted in some way by the virus, and 70 percent reported that the pandemic was a source of stress. It seems clear that however the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, the United States will have to be as resilient as ever in order to return to normalcy.

Everyday Health partnered with researchers at the Ohio State University in Columbus to create two special reports, one on the impact of stress in the lives of Americans and one examining the importance of弹力在风化艰难的情况下。COVID-19大流行是重新审视这些报告的最佳时机，以了解有关如何管理压力事件并培养您的个人韧性的更多信息。

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