心脏病发作Causes and Risk Factors

由于冠心病，大多数心脏病发作都是冠心病的结果，这是指可以窄或阻塞血管的条件。

一些心脏病的危险因素，including your age and family history, cannot be changed.

但其他风险因素，包括饮食和锻炼，可以修改。

Even if you already have heart disease, you may be able to limit your heart attack risk by keeping measurements like your cholesterol and血压控制下。（1)

心脏病发作s and Heart Disease

当血液流入心脏被阻塞时发生心脏病发作，心肌不能得到足够的氧气。

大多数心脏病发作发生在人们身上冠状动脉疾病（CAD）。（1)

这种情况涉及蜡状物质的堆积，称为斑块在血液中为您的心脏提供血液。

Plaque is a combination of fat, cholesterol, and other substances that can build up inside your arteries.

As plaque accumulates over time, the inside of your arteries can become narrowed.

This condition is known asatherosclerosis, or "hardening of the arteries."

Eventually, an area of plaque may rupture, resulting in a blood clot forming to stop the ruptured plaque from releasing its contents into your bloodstream.

当血凝凝血在已经缩小的动脉中形成时，动脉可能会被阻塞并限制或削减您心中的血液供应。这是一个心脏病发作。

Because blood carries oxygen to your heart, if blood flow to your heart isn’t restored quickly, a portion of the heart muscle may become permanently damaged. (1,2)

Other Heart Attack Causes

不太常见，心脏病发作可能是由冠状动脉的严重痉挛或拧紧引起的。

冠状动脉痉挛可能会切断你心脏的血液流动。这可能发生在没有的人身上冠状动脉疾病or atherosclerosis and is more common in females than males.

虽然并不总是清楚导致冠状动脉痉挛，危险因素包括smoking, high blood pressure, and highcholesterol levels。

冠状动脉痉挛的其他潜在触发器可以包括：

• Certain stimulant drugs (such as amphetamines and cocaine)
• 烟草使用
• Severe emotional distress
• 暴露于极端寒冷（1,2）

心脏病发作的不可替代风险因素

Risk factors for having a heart attack fall into two categories: modifiable (behaviors you can change) and nonmodifiable (characteristics you cannot change).

Heart disease risk factors that you cannot control include:

年龄较大的年龄

你r risk of having a heart attack increases as you get older, no matter how healthy you are. About 82 percent of people who die of heart disease are 65 or older, according to the American Heart Association. (3)

Heart attack risk begins to rise substantially for men after age 45, and for women after age 55, according to the Mayo Clinic. (1)

Male Sex

男人在生活中的心脏病发作比女性更高的风险。对于女性而言，心脏病风险开始在更年期后增加。

Family History of Heart Disease

具有心脏病的亲密家庭成员（父母或兄弟姐妹）意味着您可能更有可能发展这种疾病。

你r risk of heart attack may be substantially higher if a close relative has had an early heart attack, before age 55 for men or age 65 for women. (1,2)

某些种族和民族背景

非洲裔美国人的心脏病风险高于白人美国人。这可能是由于遗传因素以及资源和医疗保健的差异。

Mexican-Americans, American Indians, and Alaska Natives also experience a higher rate of diabetes, which is associated with an increased heart disease risk.

和rates of obesity非洲裔美国和墨西哥妇女的较高，也与患心脏病的风险增加有关。（3）

Preeclampsia

This condition may develop during pregnancy, and involves elevated blood pressure and protein in your urine.

Preeclampsiadoesn’t just affect your risk during pregnancy, but is associated with an increased lifetime risk of heart disease — including心脏衰竭, coronary artery disease, and heart attack. (2)

Modifiable Risk Factors for Heart Attack

有一些风险因素可以改变。这些包括：

Smoking

People who smoke are 2 to 4 times more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases than nonsmokers and 2 to 3 times as likely to die from it, according to the American Heart Association.

吸烟可能会比男性更高的妇女的心脏攻击风险。一项研究发现，吸烟的女性早先的心脏病发作，平均而言，比那些没有吸烟的人，而男性则为8。3年前。（4)

High Cholesterol

随着血液胆固醇升高，您的心脏病风险也是如此。

It’s important to focus not just on total cholesterol, but on your levels ofHDL（“好”）和LDL(“坏”胆固醇以及甘油三酯。

高血压

高血压使您的心脏更加努力，可能导致心肌随着时间的推移，增加心脏病发作风险。

缺乏体育活动

不活动是一个专业risk factor for heart disease, and regular exercise can greatly lower your risk.

Physical activity can improve your cholesterol and trigyceride levels, and it may help with weight control and blood pressure.

Overweight or Obesity

体脂过量的人更有可能发展心脏病。

The good news is that if you’re overweight or obese, shedding just 3 to 5 percent of your current body weight can significantly reduce certain heart disease risk factors. Greater weight loss can lead to even more improvement.

糖尿病

根据美国心脏协会，至少68％的患有糖尿病的糖尿病患者死亡。

If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, it's extremely important to work with your doctors to manage your blood glucose levels and reduce other heart attack risk factors.

Excess Alcohol Intake

Drinking heavily can raise your blood pressure and contribute to high甘油三酯水平。

为了限制您的心脏病风险和其他风险，最好每天为男性每天消耗两杯以上的饮料，并为女性每天饮酒。

不良的饮食习惯

A heart-healthy diet includes a variety of nutrient-rich foods with an emphasis on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, as well as legumes, poultry, fish, nuts and seeds, and low-fat dairy products. (5)

Additional reporting by Quinn Phillips.