如果您感到焦虑，有麻醉手术，请考虑替代品。如果您在200年前进行了同样的手术，则您唯一可以处理痛苦的选择将是向下威士忌和牙齿磨损。
Now, every day about 60,000 patients undergo all types of surgery and other medical procedures with the help of these pain-relieving drugs,根据国家卫生研究院。There’s no doubt that anesthesia — whether inhaled as a gas or injected into your bloodstream by a highly trained doctor, dentist, or nurse anesthetist — has enabled millions of people to receive medical treatments that lead to longer and healthier lives. That said, there are some things about anesthesia that may surprise you.
吸烟可能比非闻人更需要更多麻醉
麻醉师长期注意到吸烟者经常需要额外麻醉。现在专家开始证实这一点：提出初步研究2015 European Society of Anaesthesiology meeting in Berlinfound that women who smoked needed 33 percent more anesthesia during their operation than female nonsmokers and those exposed tosecondhand smokeneeded 20 percent more. Another finding? Both of the smoking groups needed more painkiller medication after the surgery.
吸烟者有刺激的气道，解释说明John Reynolds，MD是，北卡罗来纳州温斯顿塞勒姆的Wake Forest学院麻醉学院麻醉学副教授。结果，他们可能需要更高剂量的止痛药，以提高与呼吸管的耐受性。
有趣的是，吸烟或摄取的人marijuana(cannabis) on a daily or weekly basis may need more than twice the usual level of anesthesia for routine procedures, such as endoscopies, astudy published in May 2019 in美国骨质化协会杂志成立。
If you know ahead of time that you’re going to be undergoing surgery,戒烟even just a few days beforehand can help reduce your risk of complications and help you heal, according to a review published in the journal Anesthesiology.
麻醉并不总是让你睡觉
According to the Cleveland Clinic：
- Local anesthesia只会麻木身体的小面积，以防止在具有牙齿的手术过程中疼痛，使针被缝合的缝合，或者鼹鼠移除。
- 区域麻醉suppresses pain and movement in a larger area of the body, but leaves you fully conscious and able to talk and answer questions. An epidural given during childbirth is one example.
- 全身麻醉影响整个身体，让你无意识，无法移动。它通常用于主要和耗时的操作。较小剂量，全身麻醉药物可以用来诱导叫做“暮光睡眠”的东西，这是一种令人疲惫不堪的麻醉类型，使你困倦，放松，而不太可能移动或知道发生了什么。
3.在手术期间可以醒来
但它也非常罕见，只有1或2只涉及全身麻醉，根据美国麻醉师学会（ASA）。当患者意识到他们的周围环境和在手术期间发生的事件时，这种情况发生了这种情况，称为“麻醉意识”。这种觉得通常是简短的，患者通常不会感到痛苦。麻醉意识可能更常见于具有多种医疗条件的高风险患者，或者正在治疗紧急治疗的人，其中不能安全地给出常用剂量的麻醉。
4. Being Heavy Can Increase Your Risk of Complications
It’s harder for anesthesiologists to provide the best dose of medication and deliver that medication intravenously to patients who are significantly overweight,according to the ASA。In addition, obesity increases therisk of sleep apnea，一种导致呼吸频繁暂停的条件。这可以确保您获得足够的氧气和气流，特别是在全身麻醉期间，更困难。手术前减轻重量可以降低并发症的风险。
5. Doctors Are Finding Different Ways That Anesthesia Can Work
Back when anesthetics had just become part of routine surgery, doctors who administered them knew very little about how they worked,according to the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)。今天，据信麻醉剂通过靶向神经细胞膜内的特定蛋白质分子来破坏神经信号。由于科学家们继续了解有关麻醉的更多信息，但这些药物只会变得更加有效。
6. Redheads Don’t Need More Anesthesia Than Anyone Else
这是“在麻醉界广泛传播的城市神话中，”Timothy Harwood, MD，在Wake Forest Baptist Health的门诊麻醉部分。Harwood博士解释说，令人兴奋的是，患有红发的人可能具有叫做黑素旋蛋白-1受体（MC1R）的基因，这被认为将一个人对麻醉剂的敏感性降低。但这种想法没有在进一步的审查下持有：astudy published in the journalAnaesthesia and Intensive Carefound no difference in how much general anesthesia was required, the speed of recovery, or the amount of postoperative pain between patients with red hair or darker hair.
7. You Might Want to Try Aromatherapy When You Wake Up
Certain scents haves been shown to help quell the nausea and vomiting that often occurs after anesthesia. One研究，发表于2019年2月在杂志医学互补疗法, found that inhaling ginger or薰衣草精油五分钟减少服务器ity of those symptoms better than a placebo. Similarly, an earlierstudy published in the journalAnesthesia & Analgesiaconcluded that patients who took three deep breaths while covering their nose with a gauze pad saturated with ginger essential oil, or a combination of ginger, spearmint, peppermint, and cardamom essential oils, felt less queasy after their procedure and requested fewer drugs to treat their nausea.
8. Anesthesia May Affect Your Memory
全身麻醉may causememory lossthat can last for days, even months, according to a University of Toronto Faculty of Medicinestudy published in November 2014 in theJournal of Clinical Investigation。As the researchers explain, about 37 percent of young adults, and 41 percent of elderly patients, report having postoperative memory problems upon discharge from the hospital. Some of this memory loss may be due to factors other than anesthesia, such as inflammation or stress triggered by the surgery. But some is likely due to anesthesia’s effect of memory-loss receptors in the brain.
更重要的是，最近的梅奥诊所study, published in the August 2018 issue of the英国麻醉杂志，建议暴露于麻醉可以引发足够的脑功能下降，以揭开70岁以上患者的隐藏预先存在的内存问题。
Bottom line: Whatever your age, write down your doctor’s instructions after having general anesthesia, or bring a close friend or family member with you who can vouch for the accuracy of what you heard.
