早期诊断和治疗胰腺癌offers the best odds of beating the disease.
不幸的是，仍然没有筛查测试，例如血液测试，可以可靠地检测到胰腺癌- 小的小病变，预科剂或早期肿瘤。
更重要的是，引人注目的胰腺癌症症状that might raise a red flag, such as黄疸, rarely develop until the cancer has spread.
当症状最终出现时，他们通常会模仿其他症状，更常见的疾病，可能会进一步延迟诊断。
If you’re not feeling well and not improving, talk to your doctor about the persistent symptoms you are experiencing. Your doctor, often in consultation with appropriate specialists, such as a gastroenterologist, can order tests that will provide more information about what’s causing your problems.
病史和身体检查可能会提供第一线索
A medical evaluation will typically begin with the doctor getting your medical history — including the pattern and severity of the symptoms you may be experiencing — and conducting a physical exam.
因为胰腺医生隐藏在胃和其他器官后面，除非已经进入了疾病的后期并长大，否则医生很可能无法感觉到胰腺肿瘤。
但是医生可能能够发现肝脏的任何肿胀或胆囊通过感觉到你的腹部。这些可以是胰腺癌的体征。
黄疸 - 皮肤和眼睛的白色 - 可能是麻烦的另一个迹象。
成像测试：身体内部
成像测试可以帮助医生寻找胰腺癌并确定疾病已经扩散了多远。
如果医生怀疑胰腺癌，医生可以使用许多不同的成像测试。一些关键的关键：
- Computed tomography (CT)These scans create cross-sectional images of the body that show the pancreas in detail. There are also specializedCT扫描旨在诊断胰腺疾病。
- 磁共振成像（MRI）MRIs employ radio waves and strong magnets to visualize soft tissue in the body. Doctors can use specializedMRI扫描以便看看胰腺。
- 超声This test produces images by creating sound waves and detecting echoes within the body. Endoscopic超声（（EUS) involves a small probe placed at the end of an endoscope (a thin, flexible tube) that is threaded through your mouth, esophagus, and stomach into the small intestine, close to the pancreas.
- enDoscopic逆行胆管造影学（ERCP）使用内窥镜，医生将一台微小的摄像机穿入小肠中，以帮助将导管（小管）放入普通的胆管中。通过通过导管注射少量的对比染料，医生可以服用胆汁和胰管的X射线射线，这可能表明可能由癌症引起的任何狭窄或阻塞。
有关的：关于胰腺：解剖学，功能及其与糖尿病的联系
血液检查以收集更多证据
目前没有现有的血液检查可以以PSA的方式显示胰腺癌（前列腺-specific antigen) levels in the blood point to前列腺癌。
但blood testscan deliver other types of information that are useful in a pancreaticcancer diagnosis：
- Liver function test这个测试可以判断你的胆红素水平,切mical produced by the liver that may build up if pancreatic cancer is present.
- 肿瘤标记Substances in the blood called CA 19-9 or CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) suggest pancreatic cancer. These so-called tumor markers are not completely reliable, though, because they can sometimes spike if you don’t have pancreatic cancer. Because of this, they are typically only checked if you are found to have a tumor on imaging.
- 激素Unusual levels of insulin or other pancreatic hormones in the blood may indicate the presence of an uncommon type of pancreatic cancer called胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤（（PNETs).
活检：最准确的方法
The most accurate way to diagnose pancreatic cancer is through活检：从可疑的问题区域中去除一块组织，并在显微镜下分析样品。
医生可以通过各种活检方法收集该组织：
- Inserting a thin, hollow needle through the skin into the pancreas.
- 使用内窥镜穿过喉咙，穿过胃，进入胰腺附近的小肠。
- 手术去除胰腺细胞。（（1）
有关的：What Is a Pancreatic Cyst?
对高风险的人进行专门测试
由于家族史，有些人患有胰腺癌的风险增加，例如患有该疾病的两个或多个一级亲戚或在50岁之前患上该疾病的一级亲戚。
由于与胰腺癌相关的遗传遗传综合征，其他男人和女性可能处于高风险。
这些人可能可以访问通过EUS，CT扫描或ERCP。
They may also take part in experimental imaging procedures, receive advanced genetic testing, and permit researchers to collect biological fluids, such as blood and pancreatic juice, for analysis.
参与者不仅获得了尖端检测方法的好处，而且还可以帮助研究人员开发新的早期诊断选择，以提高总体死亡率。（（2）
胰腺癌诊断的未来
开发可以尽早诊断胰腺癌的新工具和方法是帮助患者生存的关键。
Scientists are actively studying the genetics of pancreatic cancer in order to identify biomarkers (measurable substances in bodily fluids like blood) of early-stage pancreatic cancer.
Some of this research has been encouraging. For instance, one early-phase study, led by teams at the University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center and the Mayo Clinic, homed in on two specific proteins: THBS2 and CA19-9. A screening test that measures levels of these proteins in blood may help physicians diagnose early-stage cancer in people at high risk.
正在进行更多的测试和临床试验。（（3）
科学家还在开发出可能显示潜力的新成像方法。一种正在研究的方法使医生可以在十二指肠细胞（胰腺旁边的小肠的一部分）中寻找细微的变化，这可能是胰腺癌的早期证据。（2）
