Graves疾病是一种影响200人中约1的自身免疫性疾病。这是最常见的cause of hyperthyroidism， 要么overactive thyroid, which occurs when the body makes too much甲状腺激素。
In people with Graves’ disease, the immune system produces proteins called antibodies — substances that are usually produced to destroy foreign bodies, such as bacteria and viruses — which bind to the surface of the thyroid, the butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the lower neck, explainsAlexandra Mikhael, MD, an endocrinologist at Cleveland Clinic.
This triggers the gland to work overtime and produce an excess of thyroid hormone, which can lead to hyperthyroidism symptoms, such as anxiousness, trouble sleeping, and increased sweating, as well as other conditions, affecting the eyes and skin. Left untreated, Graves’ disease can cause problems with the heart, muscles, bones, andfertility。
幸运的是，治疗可以帮助您控制甲状腺功能亢进和坟墓疾病的其他常见症状，这可以降低并发症的可能性。在这里，我们探讨了坟墓疾病的一些最常见的迹象和症状，为什么他们发生，以及如何管理它们的提示。
1.凸出眼睛（Graves'眼科病）
在三个患有坟墓疾病的三个人中，免疫系统攻击眼睛周围的肌肉和组织。这使得眼睛膨胀 - 一种称为坟墓的眼科，Graves'眼病或甲状腺眼病的病症。其他症状包括：
- 干，抱怨眼睛
- 双方视线
- Sensitivity to light
- 疼痛，压力，或者麻烦移动眼睛
在严重的情况下,炎症会导致压力啊n the optic nerve between the eyes and brain, causing vision loss.
Graves’ ophthalmopathy symptoms generally appear within six months of — before or after — a Graves’ disease diagnosis, says Dr. Mikhael. The condition may remain stable, worsen, improve, or come and go. Rarely, the condition appears after Graves’ disease has been treated; it can also occur in people who don’t have hyperthyroidism.
“Treatment of the hyperthyroidism does not improve the underlying inflammation but improves the eye signs related to hyperthyroidism alone like the thyroid stare and eyelid retraction,” says Mikhael.
在甲状腺功能亢进症处于控制之后，基于AN的评估眼科医生and an endocrinologist, says Mikhael.
In mild cases, your doctor may recommend one or more treatments to address specific symptoms, including:
- Eye drops to soothe eye irritation
- 太阳镜可以帮助轻松敏感
- Special eyeglasses to improve double vision
- 睡觉ing with your head elevated to reduce eye swelling
- 当你在晚上睡觉时，将你的眼睑关闭（如果他们完全没有完全关闭），让你的眼睛擦掉。
For more severe cases, Mikhael says doctors may prescribe:
- 口腔或静脉内corticosteroids, which are a mainstay of treatment for eye swelling
- 一种解决您身体潜在的炎症反应的生物药物
- Intravenous medication for the treatment of active moderate-to-severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy
- Surgery, if pressure on your optic nerve poses a risk of vision loss or severe disease doesn’t respond to other treatments
- Radiation therapy, though this is rare
2. Hyperthyroidism
大多数坟墓疾病的症状是由甲状腺功能亢进症引起的，或过量的甲状腺激素引起的。这种激素影响了你身体的许多基本功能，包括呼吸，心率，消化，体重和情绪。
“Thyroid hormone controls how the body uses energy and affects all your organs. Too much thyroid hormone can overactivate your metabolism,” says Mikhael.
常见的symptoms of hyperthyroidismin people with Graves’ disease include:
- Nervousness or anxiety
- Insomnia
- Unintended weight loss
- 不耐热
- 增加出汗
- Irregular heartbeat（动力计）
- Muscle weakness
- Hand tremors
- Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea
治疗取决于严重程度和症状。以下是一些可能的选项。
- 抗肾上腺药物这些减缓了甲状腺的激素生产。“这种药物不是治愈性的，但在控制甲状腺功能亢进方面是有效的，”Mikael说。她解释说，甲状腺功能亢进症有时会在12至18个月内进行缓解;其他时间，它已经使用，直到患者开始放射性碘治疗或手术。
- Radioiodine therapy这种对甲状腺功能亢进的口腔治疗破坏了细胞甲状腺这是过度发霉的甲状腺激素。它经常会导致hypothyroidism，或甲状腺激素的批量，您的医生会监测您的甲状腺激素。甲状腺功能亢进比甲状腺功能亢进更容易治疗，并且不太可能导致长期健康问题。
- Beta-遭到拦截器这些药物迅速缓解甲状腺功能亢进症状，如快速心跳和紧张，但它们不会解决条件的根本原因。Mikhael说，“β-ocketers改善甲状腺激素水平的症状控制，直到甲状腺激素水平正常化”作为其他药物生效。
- Surgery在较大的姑娘或怀孕的人中，可能需要手术去除甲状腺。这完全治疗甲状腺功能亢进，但您需要在余生中服用甲状腺替代药物。
3. Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Graves疾病会导致甲状腺肿或enlarged thyroidgland. (Goiters can also be linked to an碘缺乏。) Larger goiters can sometimes make it difficult to breathe or swallow.
In people with Graves’ disease, a goiter is linked to hyperthyroidism: the overproduction of thyroid hormone.Medications for hyperthyroidismusually shrink the goiter, although surgery may sometimes be necessary in more severe cases.
4.皮肤病（Graves'Dermopathy）
Mikhael说，大约5％的坟墓疾病的疾病患有坟墓的皮肤病“鉴于对坟墓疾病的早期诊断，”鉴于坟墓疾病的诊断，“这一点往往发生了很多频率。”
Graves的Dermopathy导致皮肤在下腿上，有时脚的顶部变得厚，块状和变色。与甲状腺眼疾病类似，它可能或可能不会与甲状腺功能亢进症状同时发生，因为它与过度活跃的自身免疫反应相关，而不是甲状腺激素的过量生产。虽然它通常温和而且自己清除，但坟墓的皮肤病有时会痛苦，需要更广泛的治疗。
To address Graves’ dermopathy symptoms, your doctor may recommend wearing compression stockings and applying corticosteroid cream to affected areas, says Mikhael.
Lifestyle Tips to Manage Graves’ Disease
In many cases, medications that help normalize your thyroid function will help with Graves’ disease symptoms. Here are a few more ways to protect your health.
- Quit smoking.Smoking increases the risk of Graves’ ophthalmopathy, Graves’ dermopathy, and hyperthyroidism, says Mikhael, so it’s important to get help quitting if you currently smoke.
- 保持健康的体重。Your doctor may also recommend losing weight if you are overweight or obese. Because hyperthyroidism can cause weight loss due to an increased metabolic rate, treating the condition may also lead to weight gain. “We counsel patients to watch for this rebound weight gain and to watch their dietary habits and increase their exercise,” says Mikhael.
Otherwise, Mikhael says that eating well, exercising daily, and管理压力with self-care can help address symptoms linked to hyperthyroidism.
