Frank Farley, PhD, likes to white-water raft, fly hot-air balloons, and hobnob with Everest explorers. But Dr. Farley doesn’t consider himself a risk-taker. He’s just bound and determined to figure them out.
“我一生的快感正在学习刺激，”法利说。Everyday Health’s Wellness Advisory Board.
An L.H. Carnell Professor at Temple University in Philadelphia and president of the Society for Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science, Farley is credited with originating the “type T,” or big T, designation for the risk-seeking, envelope-pushing thrill-seeker. He credits luminary fellow PhDs — such as Hans Jurgen Eysenck, Marvin Zuckerman, and Daniel Ellis Berlyne — for their inspiration and scholarship as he continues to pursue society’s daredevil innovators.
对于法利来说，这些T型是未来的先锋，并有一些强大的警告。首先，有些大的人可能需要哄骗亲社会行为而不是反社会行为。其次，规避风险的“小t”人在风化21的闪电变化时面临巨大的挑战st世纪。
As Farley begins a sabbatical devoted to the study of “situational heroes,” he shares some of thoughts — with a capital and lowercase T.
bob体育在线日常健康：谁是T型或大T人？
Frank Farley:Type T's are thrill-seekers. They pursue excitement and novelty; they thrive on uncertainty. You can find these people among entrepreneurs, explorers, and extreme athletes.
我相信他们拥有“重新构图”的认知习惯。他们重新定义了我们大多数人都认为危险或恐怖是令人兴奋，充满活力和乐趣的情况，他们重新诠释了世界以符合他们的观点。
以跳伞为例。对于T型，您即将离开飞机时的恐惧扭曲可能会被改造为喜悦和振奋，而不是恐怖。T可能会重新解释将飞机在空中离开飞机的行为，以使其感到完全活着。
T's can also be mental or intellectual risk-takers, rather than just physical thrill-seekers. Albert Einstein was a mental big T who went beyond the status quo and pioneered a new and totally unconventional conception in physics.
EH: If these are the big T people, who are small T risk-avoiders?
FF:The risk-averse individuals — the “small T” people — are the opposite of the big T thrill-seekers. They flourish within prescribed rules, predictability, and order.
Metaphorically, these small T's, as I see it, grip the handrails of life, looking for security, reliability, and tradition. Since society requires rules and order to function, these people perform an important service. A small T might be an accountant while a big T might work an inner-city police beat or launch an innovative start-up.
The trouble is that rules and predictability are where technology and automation excel. The small T is more likely to do the work that’s most likely to be threatened by artificial intelligence and robotics in a 21st世纪工作场所；变化是恒定而模棱两可的设置是常态。今天很小的T是不稳定的。
EH: You’ve previously noted that big T's can be “positive or negative.” What differentiates the two?
FF:Both types are risk-takers, but the results of their actions differ. Positive T's engage in constructive risk-taking while negative T's follow an anti-social, destructive path.
The positive type T's drive much of the innovation and creativity we see today. As I mentioned earlier, they take chances, start businesses, invent things, and test limits. They may unravel medical mysteries or devise ways to explore space or develop artificial intelligence. Their vision inspires others. Their daring and adaptability make positive big T's perfectly suited for a 21st事物正在迅速变化而没有明显可预测性的世纪。
嗯：负面的大t？
FF:I believe that negative T's are powerful, too, but in a destructive way. In my opinion, they’re responsible for much of the violence and mayhem in our society. You can find them in prisons, in gangs, in terrorist groups, pursuing criminal activity, engaged in unsafe sex, and occasionally wreaking havoc in politics or business. They consider it thrilling to ignore limits.
My wish is that positive T's can find a way to use their creativity and talent to harness the skills of the negative T's; to help them contribute to society rather than threaten it.
EH：在大T之间还有其他不同的特征吗？
FF:For all risk-takers, the motivation for the behavior is a recipe with more than one ingredient, and the ingredients may differ somewhat from one risk-taker to the next. But the outcome is the same for all: Risks are taken.
For the mental big T the risks are primarily psychological; for the physical big T the risks are primarily physical. For the positive big T the risks are primarily positive, healthy, or socially valuable; for the negative big T the risks are primarily destructive, unhealthy, or anti-social.
Two people might be big T but for one impulsiveness is stronger than it is for the other, so one may be more likely to act before thinking, while the other may be more likely to think before acting, but both end up taking a risk.
Two people might be big T but one might make up his or her own mind about the risk while the other might consult with someone about it. But both take the risk.
Two people might be big T but one is more optimistic than the other about the risk, so they hold different expectations about possible outcomes. But both take the risk.
两个人可能很大，但一个人特别专注于风险的不寻常或创新功能，而另一个人可能特别专注于危险。两者都冒险。
EH: How does chronic stress affect the big T and the small T?
FF:I believe big T's would probably find routine unbearable. If they can’t push the envelope or try something new, they may end up frustrated and miserable. For them, fulfillment is about taking on the next big challenge and beating it. And each time their risk-taking is rewarded, they may seek out another opportunity to stretch the limits.
Big T's aren’t dissuaded by bad odds. She’ll climb Mount Everest fully aware that many people have died making the ascent. Meanwhile, the small T finds most risk unacceptably stressful. He may become anxious when the expected sequence of events is disturbed. He’ll do his best to avoid change and look for situations where things are reliable and knowable.
EH: Why do you consider this the ideal time for the big T?
FF:查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）将该物种的生存描述为基于适应性。尤其是现在，可以接受或做出改变并适应其速度的人们将蓬勃发展。我们必须在21中接受风险st世纪。That’s why I’d like to see instruction in risk become the fourth “R” in school, after “reading, ‘riting, and ‘rithmetic.” Many kids need to stop fearing stress and uncertainty and embrace change.
As I said, I hope big T thinkers will use their creativity to invent ways to help small T people learn how to become comfortable with change, by becoming skilled at reframing and innovating. Maybe they can help others reinterpret situations of uncertainty as opportunities for fun, challenge, and growth.
EH: How can all of us become better at risk-taking?
FF:We can all start by trying small things that deviate a bit from the usual. It can be as simple as trying a new food or taking a different route home from work.
And we can explore a form of behavioral therapy — T therapy — that helps individual re-examine events and become more comfortable taking chances on the right things.
我们还可以关注并了解一些大型年轻人可能会变得容易受到负面冒险的诱惑 - 吸毒，帮派或枪支的可能性。我们必须找到它们，并将寻求刺激的人转移到积极的活动中。
And when they veer towards the negative side, we need to redirect a process that lures some young people on destructive paths. It can occur when a big T who craves action grows up in a rules-based culture and finds the benefits of joining a terrorist group very appealing, because it offers the promise of adventure, along with some social status.
Most of us, of course, aren’t pure big T or small T, but fall somewhere in the middle. We may take risks, but only in unavoidable or extreme circumstances.
We’ve all heard the stories about people who grab someone from the path of a moving subway train or who rush into a burning building to save a child, even if it’s supposedly contrary to their nature. That’s the object of some of my current research; these “situational heroes.”
EH: Where do you find these people and what do you hope to learn from them?
FF:We’re looking at all the people who’ve been honoured by the卡内基英雄基金会在过去的100年中。目的是从年龄，性别，背景和其他特征上辨别模式。我们想了解这些“大H”英雄如何找到超越其极限的力量和决心。他们为什么觉得自己“只需要做某事”？先天因素或学到的价值观是否激励着他们，或者其他东西？
“旁观者的效果”在哪里 - 当某些人在灾难中什么都不做，弄清别人会介入 - 适合这一点？是什么迫使某人克服这种“责任传播”，每个人都认为别人会做某事并采取大胆，冒险的行动？
EH：您如何确定自己落在小t连续体上的位置？以及你怎么能bestuse that knowledge to your advantage?
FF:My best advice is toknow yourself并应用你learned. Few people spend enough time objectively examining and acknowledging their strengths and weaknesses. They just forge ahead in the same direction without wondering why or how it suits them. One day, they find themselves in the wrong job or with the wrong partner. This kind of honest reflection requires time and unvarnished self-reflection; a skill with which we have to equip more people.
On the other hand, very successful people nearly always learn from their failures. They assess what they’ve learned and just get started again.
翻译成21st世纪的工作场所术语，如果人工智能威胁到您的工作，则必须探索其他选择。您需要考虑自己的失败，评估自己的优势，反思自己的成功，并将增强知识视为学习新事物的机会。经常这样做，您将变得更加成功，可以更好地处理吊索和箭头 -bob bet体育 - 日常生活。
EH：相反，我们不应该做什么？
FF:不要负面。Zig Ziglar已故的励志演说家,称之为“stinkin’ thinkin’.” There’s no future in it. Analyze what you’ve done in life and move forward without complaint. Believing your glass is half full makes your life fuller — and it also helps you feel less stressed.
Trust that change is possible, even if it requires baby steps. If you don’t like your job, and you need to change, try a few smaller moves. Identify what you feel best doing. Check your aptitudes, perhaps with the help of a counsellor.
We all have the capacity to change. We just need the motivation. And it can make life, regardless of whether you’re a big T, small T, or right in the middle, a bigger thrill.
