What Is Vomiting? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

呕吐很少痛苦，但从不愉快。呕吐，也被科学地称为“呕吐”，并俗称呕吐，呕吐，抛弃，抬起，投掷，呕吐，扔，扔或生病，是强行自愿或非自愿通过嘴或不常见的鼻子清空胃内容物。

There are different types of vomiting. Some people get the dry heaves, where you retch and feel like vomiting, but nothing comes out of your stomach. The dry heaves are also called nonproductive emesis.

Blood streaked or bloody vomit usually indicates a cut or scrape to the esophagus or stomach. Some vomit resembles coffee grounds. Vomit that looks like coffee grounds occurs when stomach acids and blood congeal. Coffee ground vomit can be a sign of ulcer,gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)，，，，cancer of the stomach or liver, or other abdominal conditions.

黄色呕吐物表明存在胆汁，通常在饭后发生。

It’s rare, but people with abnormal intestinal function could possibly vomit up partially digested food or feces. (1，，，，2）

Nausea and vomiting commonly occur in those with infections ranging frominfluenza至gastroenteritis。症状出现恶心和呕吐lude:

• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea
• 发烧
• 头晕
• 眩晕
• 快速脉冲
• 出汗过多
• Dry mouth
• 排尿减少
• 胸痛
• 晕倒
• Confusion
• Excessive sleepiness

Vomiting is an involuntary reflex that empties the stomach forcefully. Some people may also self-induce vomiting due to an eating disorder. According to the Mayo Clinic, causes for nausea and vomiting vary widely and can include: (3）

• 怀孕的早期阶段
• Medication-induced vomiting
• 强烈的疼痛
• 情绪压力（例如恐惧）
• Gallbladderdisease
• Food poisoning
• Infections (such as the "急性肠胃炎”）
• Overeating
• A reaction to certain smells or odors
• Heart attack
• 脑震荡or brain injury
• 脑肿瘤
• 溃疡
• Some forms of cancer
• 贪食症or other psychological illnesses
• Gastroparesis or slow stomach emptying (a condition that can be seen in people with diabetes)
• Ingestion of toxins or excessive amounts of alcohol
• Migraines
• 迷宫炎，，，，which also causes dizziness and a feeling of spinning (眩晕）
• Motion sickness, nausea and vomiting associated with traveling
• Certain medicines, such as antibiotics andopioidpainkillers
• 肾脏感染andkidney stones
• A blockage in your bowel, which may be caused by aherniaorgallstones
• Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
• 一个inflamed gallbladder(acutecholecystitis）

如果您需要去看医生呕吐，他们将参加您的病史并进行身体检查以尝试找到根本原因。将采用药物病史，看看呕吐是否是副作用。

可以进行血液和尿液检查以寻找感染迹象。妇女也可能接受pregnancy test。(1)

Your doctor will also look for脱水的迹象，，，，including皮肤干燥，，，，cracked lips, dark-colored urine, dizziness, fatigue, and sweating and urinating more than usual, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (4）

通常，呕吐可以在6至24小时内通过家庭治疗缓解。如果呕吐时间超过一天，您应该去看医生，看看是否需要进一步治疗。

Call yourpediatricianif your infant or young child experiences vomiting for more than a few hours or if they are vomiting with a high fever over 100 degrees F, notes the Cleveland Clinic. (5）

Treatment for nauseaand vomiting depends on the underlying cause.

Most episodes of vomiting can be treated at home. Self-care measures you can take to treat vomiting include:

• Drink plenty of liquids to avoid dehydration.
• 坚持清晰的液体饮食以休息胃。
• Avoid strong odors, including food and cooking smells, perfume, and smoke, that could possibly trigger vomiting.
• 当您再次开始吃固体食物时，请坚持易于消化的淡淡食物，例如谷物，米饭和饼干。
• Avoid spicy and fatty foods.

If you are planning a trip and have a history of motion sickness, try over-the-counter medications to treat the condition, like dimenhydrinate andmeclizine。对于诸如Cruises之类的较长旅程，您的医生可能会开粘合剂以治疗运动疾病。

Vomiting associated withcancer treatments通常可以通过另一种类型的药物治疗来治疗。

还有一些处方和非处方药可用于控制与妊娠有关的呕吐。这些包括维生素B6补充剂，羟胺和毒药和吡ido醇的组合药物。

在使用任何这些治疗方法之前，请咨询医生。

Severe dehydration caused by vomiting may require treatment with intravenous fluids. (6）

Prevention of Vomiting

恶心的人可能会发生呕吐。您将要呕吐的其他迹象包括堵塞，滞留，窒息，非自愿胃反射，嘴巴充满唾液（以保护牙齿免受胃酸的侵害）以及需要移动或弯曲。

If you feelnauseous，在坐姿或支撑躺的位置休息可以帮助；活动可能会恶化恶心，并可能导致呕吐。

Pregnant women experiencing morning sickness can eat some crackers before getting out of bed or eat a high protein snack before going to bed (like lean meat or cheese). (6)

One of the biggest complications of vomiting is dehydration, which occurs when the body loses more water than it takes in. When someone is dehydrated, their body does not have enough water to carry out its normal functions.

一个yone can become dehydrated, but it is especially dangerous for younger children because they may not be able to tell an adult their symptoms. Older adults are also at an increased risk of dehydration because they have a lower volume of water in their bodies than younger adults. Older adults may also have medical conditions or take medications that make dehydration more likely.

Mild or moderate dehydration can often be reversed by drinking plenty of fluids, but severe dehydration can turn deadly and requires immediate medical treatment.

Repetitive vomiting, such as that comes with certain饮食失调像贪食症一样，可能导致营养不良，危险的体重减轻，胃溃疡，牙釉质侵蚀和食管炎。（4）

In certain circumstances, vomiting itself can become deadly. The gag reflex during vomiting prevents the liquid contents of your stomach from entering your respiratory tract and suffocating you. People who vomit under the influence of drugs or alcohol, or who vomit while on their backs, are at risk of choking on their own vomit because this gag reflex is not intact.

Nearly everyone is affected by nausea and vomiting at some point in their lives.

Cancer patients and pregnant women are at a higher risk of experiencing nausea than others. According to The March of Dimes, a leading advocacy organization for mothers and babies, at least 7 in 10 pregnant women have morning sickness during the first trimester of pregnancy. (7）虽然大多数妇女在妊娠中期都感觉好些，但一些妇女在整个怀孕期间都患有孕吐。

While most people experience vomiting in their lives that is not dangerous and goes away fairly quickly, certain conditions are characterized by severe and repetitive vomiting.

妊娠妊娠is a severe kind of morning sickness that causes extreme, excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. Approximately 3 percent of pregnant women suffer from this condition. It can lead to weight loss and dehydration that require treatment to keep your baby safe. (7)

Cyclic vomiting syndrome is a rare disorder that is also characterized by severe nausea and vomiting, though it can affect anyone from children to adults. People with this condition experience a cyclical pattern of severe vomiting that lasts from a few hours to several days, followed by a period of time that is free from severe nausea and vomiting.

The exact cause of cyclic vomiting syndrome is unknown, but researchers have identified an association with the condition and migraines. Therapies to treat cyclic vomiting syndrome vary by individual but can include anti-migraine medications, anti-vomiting medications, and bed rest, according to the National Organization for Rare Disorders. (8）

Favorite Organizations for Information on Vomiting

美国癌症协会（ACS）

ACS是一个致力于倡导癌症患者并消除癌症作为主要健康问题的全国性组织。人们living with cancer可以获取有关为什么它们的病情和药物可能导致恶心和呕吐的信息，以及有关如何应对的技巧。ACS还为患者提供有关如何与他们的医疗团队和亲人谈论症状的建议。

March of Dimes

For 80 years, March of Dimes has been a leading advocacy organization for the health of all mothers and babies. Their website offers pregnant women an outlet to learn all about morning sickness, including what is normal and when vomiting may affect their health and the health of their baby.

国家饮食失调协会（NEDA）

NEDA is the largest nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting those affected by eating disorders and their families. Get the facts about bulimia, an eating disorder characterized by episodes of binging and self-induced purging, including diagnostic criteria, warning signs and symptoms, and health effects of the condition.

国家罕见疾病组织（NORD）

NORD is a patient advocacy organization dedicated to individuals with rare disorders and conditions. Read all the essential facts on cyclic vomiting syndrome, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

布莱恩·约瑟夫·米勒（Brian Joseph Miller）的其他报道。