在蒸汽夏季，很多关注都集中在dehydration并确保我们通过足够的水来防止它。但是，虽然不太常见，过度水水也会导致健康问题。
Roberta Anding, RDN是一位在休斯顿赖斯大学的体育营养师，如下所示：“如果我把车轮拉到左边，最终会在一个沟里，我脱水。如果我向右拉过来，我会过量用。其中一个人都没有利于表现。“
One consequence of drinking too much water, which is sometimes called water intoxication, is hyponatremia. This condition occurs when the blood’ssodium水平下降低于135毫安（MEG）/升（L），每月诊所。（梅奥诊所注意到正常的血液钠水平为135至145 meq / L.）
Excessive water consumption dilutes electrolytes in the blood, such as sodium, saysMitchell Rosner, MD, a nephrologist with the department of medicine at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. When the sodium level drops too quickly, fluids move out of the bloodstream and into tissue cells, which causes these cells to expand. In extreme cases, Dr. Rosner says, your brain can’t accommodate such intense swelling, resulting in neurological issues or even death.
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什么导致低钠血症？
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder, according to2016年8月发表的研究美国医学杂志。It’s particularly prevalent among endurance athletes who drink large volumes of water before, during, and after exercise:One previous study建议，2002年波士顿马拉松比赛中有13％的参与者经历过低血管血症。
The condition has also occurred during contests in which people set out to drink extremely large amounts of fluids. (In 2007, for example, a28-year-old woman died of water intoxication在加州广播电站的水饮比赛之后。）
低钠血症也通常会影响严重精神疾病的人，如精神分裂症说，谁觉得被迫喝了很多水Chris McStay, MD, an associate professor with the department of emergency medicine at the University of Colorado in Aurora.
“The most common thing is that, in the summer when people are told to drink a lot, they maybe take it a little bit too far,” Dr. McStay says. “If you’re drinking 2, 3, or 4 liters an hour, and you’re not losing a ton by sweating, you basically begin to exceed the amount that the body can excrete. And that’s when you get in trouble.”
根据梅奥诊所的，低钠血症的其他潜在原因（可能发生在不同的严重程度，从轻度到严重，并且具有不同的发病时期，从缓慢到迅速）包括：
How Much Water Should You Drink?
美国国家科学院，工程和医学院recommend如果你是一个男人，每天喝15.5杯（3.7升）的液体，如果你是一个女人，每天每天杯子（2.7升）。
The exact amount of water you need each day depends on factors like your age, sex, activity level, and how hot it is outside. But one easy way to know how much you need to drink is to trust your own body, Rosner says.
“渴望是一种进化的保守机制，以确保我们喝足够的液体但不太太多，”他解释道。“我告诉别人的意思是你的口渴。喝酒直到你不要口渴，但不要在那之上喝酒。如果你这样做，你会没事的。“
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你喝太多水的迹象
Many of the symptoms of hyponatremia overlap with those for中暑，发热， 和dehydrationMcStay说。
根据McStay和Anding，低钠血症的症状包括：
- 恶心或呕吐
- 头痛
- Bloating
- 肿胀的手脚
- Muscle spasms or cramping
- Tiredness
- Altered mental state
- Restlessness and irritability
Daily weigh-ins can help you figure out if you’re drinking too much water, Anding says. If you’re worried about getting dehydrated — say, if you have plans to work outside, and you know you’ll be drinking a lot of water — weigh yourself at the start of the day. If you’ve gained 10 or more pounds by the end of the day, she says, it’s a good time to ask yourself: Could this be hyponatremia? (But again, hyponatremia isn’t a common phenomenon, so these weigh-ins make the most sense for people in extreme circumstances, like running a marathon or participating in military training.)
Anding suggests writing down any symptoms you’re experiencing, such as nausea or a headache, and then calling your doctor. “What you're doing is collecting your own data,” she says. “Then you can tell your doctor, ‘I was out working in the yard, and I gained 10 pounds because I was drinking water all afternoon.’” Your doctor can likely help you figure out whether you need to go to the emergency room, she says.
低钠血症的并发症
低钠血症可导致癫痫,有限公司ma, and severe neurological symptoms, including brain damage. Dying from drinking too much water is rare, but as noted, it has happened.
“当[水平]真的很低时 - 我正在谈论100 Meq / L或一个大于正常范围的数字 - 你可以死，因为你的大脑会非常膨胀，”McStay说。“脑干推下头骨基地，这会让你停止呼吸和失去意识。”
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低钠血症前景
您的医生可以诊断基于的低钠血症血液测试和尿检。这种情况的症状通常是温和的，患者可以在家里恢复。
但在严重的情况下，患者需要在医院治疗，McStay说：“在某些时候，事情开始发生，你的身体无法迅速修复。肾脏排泄水的能力不够好或足够快，以纠正这种情况。“
如果您正在遇到像精神状态或癫痫发作等改变的症状，则重要的是寻求紧急的医疗注意力，而不是简单地提出医生的预约。
如果你有严重的低血管血症，纠正太快可能是危险的。在这种情况下，您的医生可能会通过IV给您钠溶液，以慢慢提高血液中的钠水平。您还可以给予药物治疗，以帮助应对低钠血症的副作用，例如头痛和恶心。
“不幸的是，我们得到了远离[低钠血症]的案例报告，但这真的非常罕见，”Rosner说。“大多数人要么被自发恢复，要么用医疗。他们做得很好。“
关于低钠血症的最后一句话
Hyponatremia, which occurs when the blood’s sodium level drops too low, can occur from drinking too much water. This isn’t a common condition, and some people who are more at risk include, for example: endurance athletes, those participating in contests that involve drinking a lot of fluid, those taking certain illicit drugs like ecstacy, and people with psychiatric conditions.
注意症状，如呕吐，腹胀和改变的精神状态，如果你担心你可能会消耗太多的水，请致电你的医生，谁可以帮助你弄清楚你是否需要寻求紧急治疗。（疑问时，寻求紧急护理评估，特别是如果您的症状严重。）
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