与维生素D缺乏有关的10种疾病| Everyday Health

You probably know that the primary source ofvitamin Dis right outside your door and up in the sky. The sun helps synthesize vitamin D in the skin — promoting the growth of strong bones and cognitive health, to name only two of the vitamin's functions,according to the Mayo Clinic。But just asvitamin D can be a boon to your health, a lack of it may lead to health issues.

“We see a lot of associations between vitamin D deficiency and poor health outcomes,” saysMary Byrn, PhD, RN, an associate professor at Loyola University in Chicago, who studies vitamin D.

“Although these are relationships and we are unable to conclude cause and effect,taking vitamin D supplementsor exposing yourself to the sun in a safe manner to increase vitamin D naturally are easy ways to improve your health and try to reduce your risk of multiple diseases,” Dr. Byrn says.

你可以also通过食物获取维生素D，但是您的选择是有限的。“维生素D自然可以在几种食物中发现，尽管有些食物对此有所加固。”Sarah Gold Anzlovar, RDN，在波士顿的私人执业营养师。

Salmon is one of the few good food维生素D的来源Anzlovar说，尽管数量可能会因类型而异，但野生通常比耕种更多。根据美国农业部（USDA）, a three-ounce serving of salmon provides 12 micrograms (mcg), which is 60 percent of the daily value. “Egg yolks offer a small amount of vitamin D, she adds, and fortified milks, cereals, and orange juice can also provide some of your daily requirement.”

维生素D缺乏的常见症状是什么？

维生素D缺乏症的症状include bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and mood changes, according to theCleveland Clinic。While many factors can influence those symptoms, if you haven’t changed your lifestyle recently, such conditions may be signs of vitamin D deficiency. If you fit this description, consider voicing your concerns to your primary care provider or a registered dietitian. These professionals can work with you to modify your diet or lifestyle and correct the problem.

“Because vitamin D isn't found in a lot of foods, and sun exposure may be limited depending on where you live, I recommend everyone get their vitamin D levels checked at their annual checkup,” says Anzlovar. “Then you can evaluate with your healthcare provider whether a supplement or seeking out more vitamin-D-rich foods is necessary.” Know also that some groups, including individuals with dark skin, those with certain underlying health conditions or who are taking certain medications, and those who live in a city far from the equator, may be more prone to having low vitamin D, according to theCleveland Clinic。

What Are the Risks of Not Getting Enough Vitamin D?

Not getting enough vitamin D may raise your risk for other diseases and conditions — some of them life-threatening. Here’s a handful.

维生素D和呼吸道疾病

There has been a lot oftalk about preliminary researchthat found维生素D补充剂may be beneficial in preventing or managing COVID-19, the respiratory disease caused by the novelcoronavirus。尽管研究仍处于早期阶段，但过去的研究确实表明维生素D可能有助于保护人们免受呼吸系统疾病的侵害。

例如，一个研究，于2017年2月出版 BMJ, looked at data from 25 clinical trials that examined the impact of vitamin D on respiratory infections including肺炎,bronchitis，和鼻窦炎。

Of the 11,321 study participants, researchers found that people who took vitamin D were 12 percent less likely to develop respiratory illness compared with people who did not take the vitamin. While that percentage may seem impressive, study authors noted there were limitations. For example, they didn’t have data on who, among the study participants, had received aflu shot, which may have affected their risk for respiratory illness.

Speaking of the流感，结果是维生素D和预防流感或缓解的结果。例如，研究于2018年3月发表在Nutrientsfound that taking vitamin D didn’t make the flu shot any more effective.

Meanwhile,previous researchfound that school-age children who took vitamin D, compared with a placebo, were 42 percent less likely to get the flu.

研究人员仍然说，维生素D补充与Covid-19之间的联系的想法还为时过早。“现在还为时过早，在维生素D缺乏症和Covid-19之间有明确的联系；然而，there was a study这表明维生素D缺乏症患病率很高的国家的共同死亡率率较高。”伯恩说。unpublished studyby researchers at Northwestern University in Chicago.

But this study didn’t measure patients’ individual vitamin D levels or their severity of COVID-19 symptoms, Byrn points out. “It is also important to note that this research has not been peer reviewed, so we need to proceed with caution as we make clinical practice decisions with this research evidence,” she adds.

连接仍然可能存在。“我们知道维生素D在我们的immune system和our body's ability to fight off infection; we know that there are vitamin D receptors on immune cells and that vitamin D deficiency increases our susceptibility to infection,” says Byrn. “So, it is possible that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk ofCOVID-19 infection，但我们没有具体的研究结果，可以使我们得出确切的结论。”

维生素D缺乏和骨质疏松症

维生素D的主要角色之一是保持骨骼健康Harvard Medical School：低水平的维生素D导致低骨calciumstores, increasing the risk of fractures.

因此，维生素D缺乏可能会使人们处于危险之中骨质疏松症，这种情况发生在新骨的产生与失去旧骨的速度相同的速度时发生的情况。Mayo Clinic。

补充说：“维生素D在包括骨质疏松症在内的骨骼健康中起着重要作用 - 低维生素D水平降低了钙的吸收，并且钙吸收对骨骼健康很重要。”

对于可能没有骨质疏松症的健康人来说，陪审团仍在弄清补充维生素D是否可以提供帮助。一个 study published in August 2019 in theJournal of the American Medical Association found that among healthy people, supplementing with vitamin D didn’t improve bone health.

Vitamin D Deficiency and Depression

如果您熟悉seasonal affective disorder (SAD), you may not be surprised to hear that vitamin D deficiency may be linked to a higher risk of depression. After all, the nickname for vitamin D isthe sunshine vitamin，和that’s not just because, asHarvard Medical Schoolpoints out, many people generate much of the vitamin D they need thanks to sun exposure.

Vitamin D status is also connected to a sunny (or not-so-sunny) mood. “There is research evidence that shows a relationship between mood and vitamin D levels, where deficient vitamin D levels are related to depression,” says Byrn.

她之一研究，于2017年4月发表在 Journal of Diabetes Research, found that vitamin D supplementation helped improve the mood of women with type 2 diabetes. All the women in the small study were given a high dose of vitamin D (50,000 IU weekly) for six months. Byrn and her colleagues found there was a significant decrease indepression and anxiety以及改善心理健康。

一个meta-analysis published in April 2014 in Nutrients包括提示维生素D补充剂的研究可能在某些情况下与antidepressant medication, though more studies are needed.

If you’re exhibitingsymptoms of depression— such as feelings of emptiness or hopelessness, irritability, fatigue, appetite changes, and thoughts ofsuicide，根据National Institute of Mental Health— it may be worth a conversation with your healthcare team. “Low vitamin D may play a role [in depression], and it would be good to advocate and ask your provider to check your vitamin D level to see if a deficiency could be contributing to your symptoms,” advises Byrn.

RELATED:6抑郁症状，您不应忽略

Vitamin D and Risk of Schizophrenia

精神分裂症is a severe brain disorder that affects between 0.25 and 0.64 percent of American adults, according to theNational Institute of Mental Health。Symptoms of schizophrenia, which commonly appear between ages 16 and 30, include hallucinations, incoherent speech, withdrawal from others, and trouble focusing or paying attention.

与维生素D水平足够的人相比，维生素D缺乏症的人可能被诊断出患有精神分裂症的可能性是两倍。一篇发表于201年10月4 in theJournal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism。Researchers reviewed findings from 19 observational studies that analyzed the possible relationship between schizophrenia and vitamin D deficiency, and observed a link between the two factors.

While they noted randomized controlled trials would be needed to determine whether treatment for low vitamin D may help prevent schizophrenia, they explained that the condition is more prevalent in places with high latitudes and cold climates, and that studies suggest children who relocate to colder climates appear to be at a higher risk of developing the condition compared with their parents. Considering what scientists know about the role of vitamin D inmental health, the researchers’ findings may have merit.

一个lthough there is no cure for schizophrenia,treatments for schizophreniainclude medication, psychosocial therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and family education and support groups.

Dementia and Vitamin D Deficiency

一个研究于2014年8月发表在《期刊》上 神经学found that moderate and severe vitamin D deficiency in older adults was associated with a doubled risk for some痴呆形式, including一个lzheimer’s disease。Dementiainvolves a decline in thinking, behavior, and memory that negatively affects daily life. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for as many as 80 percent of dementia cases, according to the一个lzheimer’s Association。

The aforementioned study analyzed more than 1,600 people ages 65 or older who did not have dementia at the beginning of the study. Compared with people who had normal vitamin D levels, those with low levels of the vitamin had a 53 percent increased risk of developing all-cause dementia, while those who were severely deficient had a 125 percent increased risk, researchers observed. Also, study authors found people who had lower levels of vitamin D were about 70 percent more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease specifically, and that those who were severely deficient were over 120 percent more likely to develop this neurodegenerative disorder.

Considering the devastating toll that dementia can have on patients and他们的家人同样，这些发现似乎令人震惊。但是研究人员指出，他们的研究是观察性的，这意味着他们没有证明与维生素D缺乏症和痴呆症和阿尔茨海默氏症的直接关系关系。尽管如此，他们认为阳光维生素可能有助于清除与痴呆症有关的大脑斑块。

Regardless of the relationship between vitamin D and dementia, know that following tried-and-true health advice, like eating a healthy diet (the MIND diet专门链接到较低痴呆症风险），定期锻炼并抚养您的心理健康帮助降低痴呆症的风险指出,一个lzheimer’s Association。

Vitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes

The connection between low levels of vitamin D and diabetes is clear. “Again we see a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and diabetes,” says Byrn. Just why there’s a link is still unknown, but researchers have hypotheses.

“一些研究人员认为，这种联系与维生素D在胰岛素敏感性和抗性中的作用有关；但是，随机对照试验并不全部支持证据表明，通过维生素D补充剂增加维生素D水平会导致胰岛素敏感性的提高。” ByRN说。Previous research指出这些混合的结果。

“Another possibility of the link is related to the role of vitamin D in inflammation, because people with type 2 diabetes also have higher chronic inflammation,” notes Byrn.

一个评论于2017年3月发表在 生化杂志发现,当vitamin D is deficient, many cellular processes in the body begin to break down, and this sets the stage for the onset of diseases such as diabetes.

Still, people at risk for diabetes shouldn’t start an aggressive supplement regime.一个large, multicenter study called D2d这是由美国国立卫生研究院（National Institutes of Healde2019年8月在New England Journal of Medicine，在统计上不显着。

前列腺癌和低维生素D

一个 study published in May 2014 in the journal临床癌症研究在低血液水平的维生素D和侵略性之间找到了联系prostate cancerin European American and African American men.

Researchers looked at vitamin D levels in 667 men ages 40 to 79 who were undergoingprostate biopsies。The connection between vitamin D and prostate cancer seemed especially strong in African American men, with results suggesting that African American men with low vitamin D levels were more likely to test positive for the cancer than the other men with normal vitamin D levels.

Though these findings were observational — that is, the study didn’t prove that low vitamin D led to prostate cancer, only that the two factors may be associated — the research does suggest you may help reduce your risk of the disease by ensuring you get adequate vitamin D. You should also make regular doctor’s visits and watch for common前列腺癌症状收到提示诊断和treatmentif you’re affected.

前列腺癌主要发生在老年男性中，诊断的平均年龄约为66。一个merican Cancer Society。Other than皮肤癌，这是男性中最常见的癌症，也是第二常见的cause of cancerdeath in American men, per the American Cancer Society.

RELATED:11个前列腺癌的潜在迹象

Severe ED Linked to Low Vitamin D

一个 small study of 143 subjects published in August 2014 in theJournal of Sexual Medicine found that men with severeerectile dysfunction(ED) had significantly lower vitamin D levels than men with mild ED.

研究作者认为，维生素D缺乏症可能通过阻碍动脉扩张的能力来促进ED - 这种疾病称为内皮功能障碍和与维生素D缺乏症相关的心脏疾病标志物在其他研究中。

例如，a study published in the 美国心脏病学院杂志建议缺乏维生素D确实与健康人的动脉僵硬有关。实现勃起的要求之一是动脉的适当功能，这些功能负责为阴茎提供血液，从而可以使其充满活力。

ED is the most common sexual problem among men, affecting up to 30 million American men, according to theNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases。ED可能源于其他健康状况，例如糖尿病，前列腺癌和高血压。

常见的ED治疗include hormone replacement therapy, counseling, and生活方式改变喜欢quitting smoking，限制酒精和eating a balanced diet。

Vitamin D Deficiency and Heart Disease

许多研究表明，低维生素D血液水平与心脏病与相关并发症之间存在关联。a review published in January 2014 in Circulation Research，但是科学尚未清楚地确定补充是否可以降低这些风险。评论引用了指出维生素D含量的研究，是与心脏病有关的健康问题的潜在罪魁祸首，包括atherosclerosis，高血压，糖尿病和中风。

你可以降低心脏病的风险通过保持健康的体重，定期运动和eating a dietrich in lean meat, nuts, andfruits and veggies, according to the美国心脏协会。

RELATED:心脏健康的饮食改造

Vitamin D Deficiency and Breast Cancer

It’s not just prostate cancer that shares a link with low vitamin D levels. “We have also seen a link with vitamin D deficiency and breast cancer,” says Byrn.

一个review published in December 2017 inBreast Cancer: Basic and Clinical Researchfound that “most of the vitamin D studies support the inverse association between vitamin D level and breast癌症风险。” That means that a vitamin D deficiency was associated with a higher breast cancer risk.

一个nother preliminary研究于2019年7月发表在Breast Cancer Research发现暴露于高浓度维生素D的乳腺癌细胞与严重程度降低有关。需要在人类中进行研究。